BMP10 (bone morphogenetic protein 10) is a circulating growth factor that plays crucial roles in cardiovascular development and vascular homeostasis. BMP10 acts as a ligand for ALK1 (ACVRL1), BMPR1A, and BMPR1B receptors, leading to activation of SMAD1, SMAD5, and SMAD8 transcription factors 1. The protein is primarily produced by right atrial cardiomyocytes in adults and is essential for maintaining proliferative activity of embryonic cardiomyocytes by preventing premature cell cycle arrest. BMP10, along with BMP9, serves as endothelial protective factors by inhibiting CCL2 release and preserving basal endothelial integrity 2. In disease contexts, BMP10 variants have been identified in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients, though with limited evidence for causality 3. BMP10 expression and plasma levels are significantly increased in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, likely triggered by right atrial dilatation and pressure overload 4. The protein's role extends to cancer therapy as a target for anti-angiogenic treatments, where dalantercept acts as a ligand trap for both BMP9 and BMP10 5. These findings position BMP10 as a key regulator of cardiovascular function with potential therapeutic implications.