BTF3 (basic transcription factor 3) is a multifunctional protein with dual roles in translation and transcription. As a component of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NACA), BTF3 prevents inappropriate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting of non-secretory proteins by blocking signal recognition particle (SRP) interaction with nascent polypeptide chains 1. Additionally, BTF3 functions as a general transcription factor that forms stable complexes with RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription 2. BTF3 demonstrates significant disease relevance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where elevated expression correlates with poor prognosis. BTF3 promotes HCC progression through multiple mechanisms: transcriptional upregulation of PDCD2L, which suppresses p53 signaling 3, and activation of the FOXM1/GLUT1 axis to enhance glycolysis and cell proliferation 2. BTF3 is also overexpressed in prostate and gastric cancers, serving as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker 45. In livestock, BTF3 functions as a candidate gene regulating intramuscular fat deposition and meat quality in pigs 6. Recent evidence suggests BTF3 participates in mitochondrial dynamics through CK2α'-mediated recruitment, promoting Mfn2 expression and neuroprotection in ischemic stroke models 1.