DUSP11 (dual specificity phosphatase 11) is an atypical RNA phosphatase that primarily functions to regulate 5'-triphosphorylated RNA metabolism and innate immune signaling. The protein possesses RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity, converting 5'-triphosphorylated RNAs (particularly RNA polymerase III transcripts) to 5'-monophosphorylated forms, thereby reducing their recognition as pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the innate immune system 1. DUSP11 acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated immune responses by processing both host and viral 5'-triphosphate RNAs, with deficiency leading to enhanced interferon signaling and reduced viral replication 1. The enzyme also functions as a p53 target gene involved in cell cycle control, with its expression induced by DNA damage and contributing to growth arrest through interaction with splicing factor SAM68 2. Additionally, DUSP11 attenuates macrophage activation by directly targeting and dephosphorylating TAK1, thereby reducing LPS-induced cytokine production 3. In cancer contexts, DUSP11 serves as an intracellular innate immune checkpoint, with its inhibition promoting apoptosis and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity through modulation of NF-κB signaling and nc886 expression 45. The protein's regulatory activity is fine-tuned by the non-coding RNA nc886, which helps maintain immune homeostasis 6.