GLIPR1 (GLI pathogenesis related 1) is a p53 target gene that exhibits dual and context-dependent functions in cancer, acting as either a tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on cancer type 12. In prostate, lung, bladder, and thyroid cancers, GLIPR1 functions as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis through reactive oxygen species production, decreasing c-Myc protein levels, and promoting cell cycle arrest 345. The protein is selectively internalized by cancer cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis in association with heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) 5. Conversely, in gliomas, breast cancers, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and colorectal cancer, GLIPR1 acts as an oncogene, promoting proliferation, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance 267. In hepatocellular carcinoma, GLIPR1 activates the PI3K/PDK1/ROCK1 pathway and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition 6. GLIPR1 belongs to a gene cluster on chromosome 12 that includes related genes GLIPR1L1 and GLIPR1L2, all regulated by p53 1. Therapeutically, recombinant GLIPR1 protein shows promise for treating prostate cancer, while targeting GLIPR1 may benefit cancers where it acts oncogenically 57.