GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a metabolic regulator with dual roles in glucose homeostasis and lipid sensing. The receptor is predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells and enteroendocrine cells, where it mediates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and incretin release 1. GPR119 serves as a 'fat sensor' that responds to endogenous lipid ligands including oleoylethanolamide (OEA), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and 2-oleoylglycerol 23. Upon activation, GPR119 signals through Gs-mediated pathways to activate adenylyl cyclase, leading to increased cAMP levels 1. Recent studies demonstrate that microbiota-derived LPC acts through GPR119 to suppress ferroptosis and ameliorate Alzheimer's disease pathology by inhibiting ACSL4 expression 4. Conversely, in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 2-oleoylglycerol activation of GPR119 triggers the TAK1/NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling pathway, promoting liver inflammation and fibrosis 5. Despite its therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes treatment, no synthetic GPR119 ligands have progressed beyond phase II clinical trials 1. The receptor's structure has been elucidated through cryo-electron microscopy, providing insights for future drug development 6.