GTF2A1 (general transcription factor IIA subunit 1) is a core component of RNA polymerase II transcription machinery that functions as part of the transcription preinitiation complex. GTF2A1 mediates transcriptional activation by forming complexes with TBP (TATA-binding protein) and participates in RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation 1. The gene plays roles in stress response pathways, with pathway analysis revealing GTF2A1 enrichment in glucocorticoid receptor signaling in populations at high risk for bipolar disorder 1. Clinically, GTF2A1 hypermethylation serves as a biomarker for multiple cancers. In ovarian cancer, GTF2A1 hypermethylation showed 95% sensitivity and 88% specificity for disease detection, with GTF2A1 alone or combined with HAAO identified as excellent diagnostic biomarkers 2. Similarly, GTF2A1 hypermethylation was detected in endometrial cancer specimens collected via vaginal tampons, supporting its utility as a non-invasive cancer detection marker 3. Additionally, GTF2A1 gene fusions with NCOA2 have been identified in uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors, representing one of five distinct fusion types in this rare neoplasm 4. GTF2A1 expression was also elevated in advanced cirrhosis with portal hypertension in HIV/HCV coinfected patients 5. Furthermore, GTF2A1 polymorphisms interact synergistically with IL-1B variants to influence gastric cancer susceptibility in Asian populations 6.