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25 sources retrieved · Most recent: April 2026 · Index updated 14 days ago
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HK2
hexokinase 2
Chromosome 2 · 2p12
NCBI Gene: 3099Ensembl: ENSG00000159399.10HGNC: HGNC:4923UniProt: E9PB90
325PubMed Papers
20Diseases
0Drugs
0Pathogenic Variants
FUNCTIONAL ROLE
Hub GeneKinase
RESEARCH IMPACT
Trending
DATA QUALITY
✓ Experimental GO Evidence✓ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
hexokinase activitypositive regulation of type 2 mitophagymitochondrioncytosolneurodegenerative diseaseHypercholesterolemianeoplasmhepatocellular carcinoma
✦AI Summary

HK2 (hexokinase 2) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, mediating the initial rate-limiting step of glycolysis 1. Beyond its canonical metabolic function, HK2 localizes to mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) where it performs critical non-enzymatic roles in regulating autophagy, intracellular calcium flux, and inhibiting cell death 1. HK2 is significantly upregulated in multiple cancers including colorectal, gastric, and hepatocellular carcinoma, where it drives metabolic rewiring toward aerobic glycolysis and promotes tumorigenesis 234. In colorectal cancer, METTL3-mediated stabilization of HK2 mRNA through m6A modifications activates the glycolysis pathway 2. HK2 also plays pathological roles in inflammation and autoimmune disease; genetic deletion of HK2 in intestinal epithelial cells reduces colitis severity and epithelial cell death 5, while HK2 drives aggressive fibroblast-like synoviocyte functions in rheumatoid arthritis 6. Notably, HK2 suppression is essential during neuronal differentiation, as sustained HK2 expression causes neuronal cell death 7. These findings establish HK2 as a selective metabolic target with potential therapeutic applications in cancer, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders.

Sources cited
1
HK2 catalyzes glucose phosphorylation and localizes to mitochondria and MAMs where it regulates autophagy, calcium flux, and cell death independent of enzymatic activity
PMID: 33946854
2
METTL3 stabilizes HK2 mRNA through m6A modifications in colorectal cancer, activating glycolysis and promoting tumorigenesis
PMID: 32245489
3
HK2 circadian oscillation controlled by PER1 drives trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer through glycolytic reprogramming
PMID: 35255118
4
HK2 deletion inhibits glycolysis and sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to metformin by shifting metabolism toward oxidative phosphorylation
PMID: 29386513
5
HK2 deletion in intestinal epithelial cells reduces colitis severity and epithelial cell death; butyrate suppresses HK2 to promote intestinal homeostasis
PMID: 34847376
6
HK2 is specifically expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial lining and regulates fibroblast-like synoviocyte migration and invasion
PMID: 30061164
7
HK2 suppression is essential during neuronal differentiation; constitutive HK2 expression leads to neuronal cell death
PMID: 27282387
Disease Associationsⓘ20
neurodegenerative diseaseOpen Targets
0.54Moderate
HypercholesterolemiaOpen Targets
0.29Weak
neoplasmOpen Targets
0.12Weak
hepatocellular carcinomaOpen Targets
0.12Weak
glioblastoma multiformeOpen Targets
0.11Weak
breast cancerOpen Targets
0.11Weak
gliomaOpen Targets
0.11Weak
colorectal carcinomaOpen Targets
0.11Weak
cervical cancerOpen Targets
0.11Weak
cancerOpen Targets
0.11Weak
non-small cell lung carcinomaOpen Targets
0.11Weak
ovarian cancerOpen Targets
0.10Weak
oral squamous cell carcinomaOpen Targets
0.10Weak
diffuse large B-cell lymphomaOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
prostate cancerOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
acute myeloid leukemiaOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
rheumatoid arthritisOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
melanomaOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
nasopharyngeal carcinomaOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
lung cancerOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
Pathogenic Variants
No pathogenic variants reported on ClinVar for this gene.
View on ClinVar ↗
Related Genes
VDAC1Protein interaction100%GFPT2Protein interaction99%G6PC2Protein interaction99%G6PC3Protein interaction98%PMM2Protein interaction98%FBP1Protein interaction98%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Lung
100%
Bone Marrow
85%
Ovary
75%
Heart
44%
Brain
31%
Liver
3%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
HK2VDAC1GFPT2G6PC2G6PC3PMM2FBP1
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
PDB2NZT · 2.45 Å · X-ray
View on RCSB ↗
Constraintⓘ
LOEUFⓘ
0.57Moderately Constrained
pLIⓘ
0.02Tolerant
Observed/Expected LoF0.44 [0.34–0.57]
RankingsWhere HK2 stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #1,010of 20,598
    Most Researched325 · top 5%
  • #3,769of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)0.57 · top quartile
Genes detectedHK2
Sources retrieved25 papers
Response time—
📄 Sources
25▼
1
m
PMID: 32245489
Mol Cancer · 2020
1.00
2
Hexokinase 2 in Cancer: A Prima Donna Playing Multiple Characters.
PMID: 33946854
Int J Mol Sci · 2021
0.90
3
Human neutralizing antibodies target a conserved lateral patch on H7N9 hemagglutinin head.
PMID: 38802413
Nat Commun · 2024
0.80
4
Microbial regulation of hexokinase 2 links mitochondrial metabolism and cell death in colitis.
PMID: 34847376
Cell Metab · 2021
0.80
5
Disrupting Circadian Rhythm via the PER1-HK2 Axis Reverses Trastuzumab Resistance in Gastric Cancer.
PMID: 35255118
Cancer Res · 2022
0.70