The INS gene encodes insulin, a critical peptide hormone that primarily functions to regulate glucose homeostasis by decreasing blood glucose concentration and increasing cellular permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids. Insulin promotes anabolic processes including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in the liver. Recent research reveals that insulin gene expression and secretion are tightly regulated at multiple levels. A protective genetic variant (rs3842752 G>A) in the INS 3' untranslated region creates an IRE1α digestion motif that leads to accelerated insulin mRNA decay during endoplasmic reticulum stress, providing protection against type 1 diabetes 1. Insulin expression can be suppressed by regulatory peptides such as GIP_HUMAN [22-51], which downregulates insulin mRNA expression and secretion through NF-κB-dependent mechanisms 2. The FTO gene plays an essential role in maintaining insulin secretion and β-cell function, with FTO expression being reduced in diabetic pancreatic islets and its silencing impairing insulin release 3. Dysregulation of insulin expression and secretion is associated with multiple forms of diabetes, including permanent neonatal diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.