LILRA1 is an activating member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family, characterized by a truncated cytoplasmic tail 1. LILRA1 functions as a receptor for HLA class I antigens 2, capable of binding to both classical and non-classical MHC class I molecules and triggering stimulatory signaling in immune cells 3. The receptor is expressed on various lymphoid and myeloid cells and participates in immune tolerance, inflammation regulation, and cell differentiation 2. LILRA1 can directly engage mycobacterial antigens, triggering signaling pathways that enhance cytotoxic T cell proliferation, highlighting its role in infectious disease immunity 4. Clinically, LILRA1 expression is dysregulated in multiple disease states: upregulation is associated with symptomatic pulmonary embolism as part of altered B-cell activation patterns 5, and serves as a component of an eight-gene immunologic signature predicting metastatic relapse in triple-negative breast cancer patients 6. LILRA1 polymorphisms have been linked to autoimmune and infectious disease susceptibility 2, suggesting its role as a critical immune checkpoint receptor. These findings indicate LILRA1 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating immune responses in cancer and infectious diseases.