MCM10 is an essential replication initiation factor that coordinates DNA replication machinery assembly and function 1. It acts as a non-enzymatic scaffold protein that brings together the MCM2-7 helicase complex and DNA polymerase alpha/primase to initiate DNA replication, while binding both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA 1. MCM10 plays multifaceted roles beyond initiation: it stabilizes replication forks, coordinates replisome assembly, and regulates replication elongation and termination 2. The protein prevents DNA damage during replication by interacting with BRCA2 to suppress PRIMPOL-mediated repriming and gap formation 3, and assists nucleosome assembly through histone interactions 2. MCM10 dysfunction causes genomic instability. Disruption leads to altered replication timing, initiation site gains/losses, and DNA damage accumulation 2. Loss-of-function mutations cause immunodeficiency 80 with or without congenital cardiomyopathy, a rare human disease. Conversely, MCM10 overexpression associates with increased cancer aggressiveness across multiple cancer types 2. High MCM10 expression independently predicts poor outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma and correlates with sorafenib resistance and cancer stemness 45. MCM10 knockdown reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioblastoma and other malignancies 62, positioning MCM10 as both a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.