MRPL10 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10) is a structural component of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis 1. MRPL10 functions as part of the L7/L12 stalk complex, which recruits initiation and elongation factors during translation, making it functionally homologous to bacterial ribosomal L10 1. The protein's activity is regulated through NAD+-dependent deacetylation by SIRT3; increased acetylation of MRPL10 enhances mitochondrial translation rates 2. Beyond translation, MRPL10 regulates cyclin B1/Cdk1 activity and controls cell cycle progression and mitochondrial homeostasis 3. MRPL10 expression is associated with oocyte developmental competence across mammalian species, highlighting its importance in reproductive physiology 4. Disease relevance includes sepsis susceptibility, where MRPL10 expression alterations show tier 2 genetic evidence for pathogenic association 5. MRPL10 mutations cause recessive intellectual disability with ataxia, demonstrating critical neurological importance 6. Additionally, MRPL10 appears in prognostic signatures for head and neck cancer outcomes 7. These findings establish MRPL10 as a multifunctional mitochondrial protein linking metabolic regulation to cell cycle control and disease pathogenesis.