NEO1 encodes neogenin 1, a multi-functional cell surface receptor that serves as a key regulator of cellular signaling across diverse biological contexts. As a receptor for netrin-1, NEO1 mediates critical developmental processes including axon guidance and cell adhesion 1. In embryonic stem cells, NEO1 co-regulates Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways with Unc5B to maintain naive pluripotency through netrin-1 signaling 1. NEO1 plays a crucial role in maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, where astrocytic NEO1 loss leads to endothelial dysfunction and increased BBB permeability, effects that can be ameliorated by hepcidin treatment 2. In cancer biology, NEO1 functions as a tumor promoter in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, where netrin-1/NEO1 signaling enhances cancer cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stemness through focal adhesion kinase activation 3. Additionally, NEO1 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for coronary artery disease through multi-omics analysis 4. Genome-wide association studies have also implicated NEO1 as a novel risk locus for Alzheimer's disease 5, highlighting its clinical significance across multiple pathological conditions.