NUDT2 (nudix hydrolase 2) is a mitochondrial nucleotide hydrolase with dual enzymatic functions critical for cellular metabolism and gene regulation. Primarily, NUDT2 catalyzes asymmetric hydrolysis of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) to produce AMP and ATP, and exhibits mRNA decapping activity toward FAD-capped and dpCoA-capped RNAs 1. The enzyme functions as a positive regulator of mTORC1 activation by binding Rag GTPases and controlling their lysosomal translocation, thereby promoting cell proliferation 2. NUDT2 dysregulation drives multiple cancer types through anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In melanoma, NUDT2 knockdown suppresses tumor growth and migration in xenograft models by reducing vimentin expression 3. In breast cancer, NUDT2 expression correlates with adverse clinical outcomes and serves as an independent prognostic factor 4. Conversely, NUDT2 disruption elevates Ap4A levels, down-regulating tumor-promotion genes while up-regulating interferon-responsive and pro-apoptotic pathways 5. Biallelic NUDT2 variants cause neurodevelopmental disease characterized by intellectual disability, motor delay, and gait disturbance, with some patients exhibiting peripheral neuropathy and basal ganglia abnormalities 1. Loss of NUDT2 decapping activity alters mRNA homeostasis and transcriptome stability 1. Additionally, NUDT2 associates with sepsis and hyperuricemia risk through mitochondrial dysfunction pathways 67.