P2RX5 encodes a purinergic receptor belonging to the P2X family of ligand-gated cation channels that respond to extracellular ATP 1. In humans, P2RX5 exists as a natural deletion variant lacking amino acids 328-349 in the transmembrane region 2 1. The gene is upregulated during T cell activation and recruited to the cell surface, where it plays a functional role in immunoregulation—P2RX5-silenced CD4+ T cells produced twofold more IL-10 than controls 1. P2RX5 serves as a cell surface marker for brown and beige adipocytes in both mice and humans, distinguishing them from white adipocytes 2, suggesting potential applications in targeting adipose cell types therapeutically. Regarding disease relevance, P2RX5 mRNA expression is significantly increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients, correlating with inflammatory markers and suggesting association with neuroinflammation 3. Genome-wide association studies identify P2RX5 as a plausible gene for cell-type compositional shifts in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer's disease, autism, and schizophrenia 4. Additionally, P2RX5 is implicated in chordoma progression as a miRNA target gene 5, and variants in P2RX5 have been investigated in familial thyroid cancer, though their pathogenic significance remains unclear 6. Tissue-specific transcript usage of P2RX5 indicates distinct isoforms across different tissues 7.