P2RY1 is a G protein-coupled purinergic receptor that binds extracellular adenine nucleotides, particularly ADP 1. In platelets, P2RY1 activation mobilizes intracellular calcium via phospholipase C, triggering shape change and aggregation 2. The receptor is widely distributed across tissues 3 and plays roles beyond hemostasis. In pancreatic tissue, P2RY1 marks progenitor cells co-expressing ALK3 and PDX1 within ductal networks; these cells exhibit multilineage differentiation potential and expand in response to BMP-7 4. P2RY1 activation enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in beta cells through TXNIP signaling; variants affecting P2RY1 expression influence type 2 diabetes risk, with increased expression reducing risk 5. In the nervous system, P2RY1 upregulation in reactive astrocytes promotes neuronal hyperexcitability via IGFBP2, contributing to epilepsy and stroke pathology 6. Genetic polymorphisms in P2RY1 associate with platelet reactivity in coronary artery disease patients 7 and respiratory control capacity in sudden infant death syndrome 8. In gastric cancer, P2RY1 promoter hypermethylation suppresses expression; activation via agonists induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation 9. These findings identify P2RY1 as a multifunctional receptor regulating glucose homeostasis, hemostasis, neural function, and cancer biology.