ROCK1 is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and cell polarity through phosphorylation of multiple substrates including LIMK1/2, MYL9, and cofilin 123. The protein controls diverse cellular processes including smooth muscle contraction, stress fiber formation, focal adhesion assembly, and cell migration 123. Mechanistically, ROCK1 integrates multiple signaling pathways. It acts downstream of RhoA and S1PR2 signaling to regulate cytoskeletal remodeling 45. Recently, ROCK1 was identified as a novel kinase upstream of TFEB, independently phosphorylating this transcription factor to regulate lysosomal biogenesis and function 6. ROCK1 also phosphorylates JIP3 to recruit JNK upon stress 1. Disease relevance is substantial. ROCK1 suppression protects against Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by promoting lysosomal Aβ clearance and preventing cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice 6. ROCK1 mediates inflammatory bowel disease progression through vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and M1 macrophage polarization 4. In reproductive health, ROCK1 suppression by nanoplastic-induced autophagy causes miscarriage 7. ROCK1 expression correlates with postmenopausal osteoporosis severity 8 and benign prostatic hyperplasia progression 5. Clinically, ROCK1 emerges as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target across multiple pathologies, with ROCK1 inhibition showing therapeutic promise in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.