RPL24 is a structural component of the large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit essential for protein synthesis 1. Beyond its canonical ribosomal function, RPL24 exhibits an evolutionarily conserved extra-ribosomal role in microRNA biogenesis, where it interacts with DDX5 to regulate mature microRNA processing 2. Mechanistically, RPL24 participates in ribosome assembly and polysome formation. Post-translational modification of RPL24—including mono-ADP-ribosylation and acetylation—regulates its function; mono-ADP-ribosylation inhibits polysome assembly by stabilizing eIF6 binding 1, while K27 acetylation similarly impairs polysome assembly 3. RPL24 also mediates 80S ribosome assembly by facilitating RPL24-18S rRNA interactions through m6A modification of 18S rRNA, promoting translation of 5' TOP-motif mRNAs 4. Clinically, RPL24 is upregulated in breast cancers and ovarian cancers, making it a cancer-associated target 31. RPL24 depletion or acetylation inhibits cancer cell growth by reducing cap-dependent protein synthesis 3. Additionally, RPL24 is associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease pathology 5. In oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, RPL24 co-localizes with pathogenic PABPN1 aggregates 6. These findings position RPL24 as both a fundamental translation factor and an emerging therapeutic target.