RPL31 encodes a component of the 60S large ribosomal subunit and serves as an important constituent of the peptidyltransferase center, playing a fundamental role in protein synthesis 1. As a structural component of the ribosome, RPL31 participates in cytoplasmic translation and is essential for ribosomal function 1. Beyond its canonical ribosomal role, RPL31 exhibits disease-relevant functions across multiple pathological contexts. In cancer, RPL31 expression is elevated in gastric cancer tissues and positively correlates with tumor infiltration, where it promotes cell proliferation and migration through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway 2. Additionally, RPL31 mediates the RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathway during osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, with miR-483-5p negatively regulating this process by targeting RPL31 3. In neurological diseases, RPL31 is significantly upregulated in brain capillaries of Alzheimer's disease patients, suggesting involvement in cerebrovascular pathology 4. The protein also shows sex-specific differential expression patterns in stroke-induced peripheral immunosuppression, potentially contributing to sex disparities in stroke outcomes 5. Genetic variants in RPL31 have been associated with osteoporosis through functional eQTL mechanisms 6, indicating broader roles in bone metabolism and disease susceptibility beyond its primary ribosomal function.