RPL34 is a structural component of the large ribosomal subunit (60S) essential for protein synthesis 1. As a highly basic, zinc finger-containing ribosomal protein, RPL34 exhibits nucleolar localization signals 2. Beyond its canonical ribosomal function, RPL34 plays a regulatory role in cancer biology. In colorectal cancer, RPL34 mRNA is stabilized by DKC1 and interacts with HRAS to suppress the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway 3. Notably, RPL34 displays context-dependent roles: it functions as an oncogene in oral squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and esophageal cancer, where elevated expression correlates with poor prognosis and aggressive phenotypes 456. RPL34 knockdown inhibits proliferation and invasion through inactivation of JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways 76. Conversely, in cervical cancer, RPL34 acts as a tumor suppressor by activating the MDM2-P53 pathway, with expression regulated by the lncRNA RPL34-AS1 8. Similarly, RPL34-AS1 suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through the miR-575/ACAA2 axis 9. These findings establish RPL34 as a multifunctional protein with dual roles in translation and cancer-specific signaling, making it a promising therapeutic target across multiple malignancies.