RPL37A encodes a ribosomal protein component of the large ribosomal subunit, essential for protein synthesis in the cell 1. As a structural constituent of the ribosome, it participates in translation and cytosolic ribosomal functions 2. Beyond its canonical ribosomal role, RPL37A has emerged as a clinically relevant biomarker in cancer biology. In locally advanced breast carcinoma, high RPL37A expression is associated with increased odds of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, while low RPL37A expression correlates with treatment resistance, disease recurrence, and cancer-specific mortality 3. RPL37A appears mechanistically linked to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced osteotoxicity in methylparaben-induced osteoporosis, suggesting extraribosomal functions 4. In osteosarcoma prognosis, RPL37A is included in a seven-gene signature with predictive power for patient outcomes 5. Additionally, RPL37A represents a shared gene signature between polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer, implicating ribosomal pathways in endocrine-related malignancies 6. As a housekeeping gene, RPL37A shows stability across normal and pathological ovarian tissues 2. A GWAS locus near RPL37A associates with long-chain fatty acid metabolism in atrial fibrillation-associated stroke 7. These findings underscore RPL37A's dual role in fundamental protein synthesis and disease-specific prognostication.