RPS15A is a structural component of the small ribosomal subunit (40S) essential for ribosome biogenesis 1. It participates in the small subunit (SSU) processome, where it coordinates with ribosome biogenesis factors to facilitate pre-rRNA processing, modification, and folding 2. RPS15A is required for proper erythropoiesis and normal ribosomal protein synthesis regulation 3. Beyond its canonical ribosomal role, RPS15A exhibits oncogenic functions across multiple cancer types. In hepatocellular carcinoma, RPS15A overexpression enhances tumor angiogenesis by promoting Wnt/β-catenin-mediated FGF18 expression, correlating with worse patient survival 4. RPS15A is significantly upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma, where its knockdown suppresses cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In papillary thyroid cancer, RPS15A stability is regulated by GGCT and affects ferroptosis through p53-mediated pathways 10. Clinically, RPS15A represents a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Mutations in RPS15A are associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, highlighting its critical role in normal hematopoiesis.