TBKBP1 (TBK1-binding protein 1) is an adapter protein that constitutively binds TBK1 and IKKε, playing dual roles in antiviral innate immunity and growth factor signaling 1. In antiviral responses, TBKBP1 functions as a core component of the IRF3-activation complex, contributing to type I interferon production downstream of intracellular virus sensing 1. Beyond innate immunity, TBKBP1 mediates a PKCθ-dependent growth factor signaling axis that activates mTORC1 and promotes oncogenesis 2. In CD8+ T cells, TBKBP1 demethylation correlates with enhanced virus-specific cytotoxic activity through TBK1 phosphorylation 3. TBKBP1 is recruited to damaged mitochondria during mitophagy, though AZI2/NAP1 appears to be the primary TBK1 adaptor regulating NDP52-driven mitochondrial autophagy 4. Clinically, TBKBP1 dysregulation associates with COVID-19-related myocarditis and normal-tension glaucoma 56. In cancer, the TBK1-TBKBP1 axis promotes tumor growth and immunosuppression via PD-L1 induction and glycolysis stimulation, making it a potential therapeutic target 2.