TRAF1 (TNF receptor associated factor 1) serves as a crucial signaling adaptor that regulates both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic pathways depending on cellular context 1. TRAF1 primarily functions in pro-survival signaling downstream of TNFR superfamily members including TNFR2, LMP1, 4-1BB, and CD40, while also negatively regulating Toll-like receptor and Nod-like receptor signaling through sequestering the linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) 1. Mechanistically, TRAF1 forms heterotrimers with TRAF2 as part of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes and recruits antiapoptotic proteins BIRC2 and BIRC3 to TNFR2 signaling complexes 1. In TNFR1 signaling, TRAF1 participates in the initial membrane-bound complex that activates NF-κB for cell survival 2. Recent studies reveal TRAF1's role in promoting osteoclastogenesis through an AKT-dependent enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation, where TRAF1 inhibits TRAF2-induced ubiquitination of Gβl 3. Clinically, TRAF1 polymorphisms are significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Europeans 45 and systemic lupus erythematosus 6. TRAF1 overexpression contributes to sunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma through METTL14-dependent mechanisms 7, highlighting its therapeutic relevance in cancer treatment resistance.