ZCCHC3 is a nucleic acid-binding protein that serves as a critical regulator of innate immune responses to viral infections. The protein functions as a co-sensor that enhances viral nucleic acid recognition by promoting the activity of key innate immune receptors including RIG-I, MDA5, and cGAS 1. ZCCHC3 employs liquid-liquid phase separation as a unified mechanism, forming condensates with nucleic acids that enrich and activate these immune sensors 2. For RNA virus detection, ZCCHC3 binds double-stranded RNA and facilitates RIG-I and MDA5 binding to viral RNA, while also recruiting TRIM25 to promote K63-linked ubiquitination and activation of these receptors 1. Additionally, ZCCHC3 acts as a co-sensor for cGAS-mediated DNA virus recognition by promoting cGAS oligomerization and activation through DNA-induced condensation 2. The protein demonstrates antiviral activity against influenza H9N2 virus by promoting IFN-β expression and downstream antiviral factor transcription 3. ZCCHC3 also restricts LINE-1 retrotransposition and localizes to stress granules 4. Beyond immune function, ZCCHC3 shows clinical significance as a poor prognostic marker in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian carcinomas when co-expressed with Efp 567.