ADCY10 encodes soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), a key enzyme catalyzing cAMP production 1. Beyond canonical cAMP synthesis, ADCY10 functions as a bicarbonate and CO2 sensor regulating cellular pH responses and ciliary beat regulation 1. In reproduction, ADCY10 is essential for spermatogenesis, with cAMP production regulating sperm maturation in the epididymis and enabling capacitation 2. ADCY10 also maintains proper mitochondrial sheath organization in sperm flagella 2. In non-reproductive contexts, ADCY10 mediates cholesterol-dependent TAZ stabilization in hepatocytes, contributing to fibrotic NASH progression 3, and responds to obesity-induced oleoylcarnitine accumulation to promote breast cancer metastasis through cAMP-TCF4-KIFC1 signaling 4. Additionally, ADCY10 regulates ferroptosis sensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma via PKA-dependent suppression of GFPT1 and YAP regulation 5. Clinically, ADCY10 mutations cause male infertility presenting as asthenozoospermia with morphological defects including small sperm heads and excessive residual cytoplasm 26, and dominantly inherited absorptive hypercalciuria with kidney stones 7. These findings establish ADCY10 as a multifunctional regulator linking metabolic sensing to reproductive, hepatic, oncologic, and renal physiology.