AKT1 is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates metabolism, cell proliferation, survival, and growth through phosphorylation of >100 downstream substrates 1234. In glucose homeostasis, AKT1 mediates insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface and inhibits GSK3 to promote glycogen storage 5. AKT1 activates mTORC1 signaling by phosphorylating TSC2, CASTOR1, and DEPDC5, driving protein synthesis and cell growth 6789. The kinase promotes cell survival by phosphorylating MAP3K5 to suppress apoptosis 10 and regulates transcription factors including FOXO proteins and CREB1 to induce pro-survival gene expression 1112. In cancer contexts, AKT1 activation drives metabolic reprogramming toward aerobic glycolysis 1314 and can be activated through gain-of-function mutations like AKT1E17K in breast cancer 15. AKT1 phosphorylation is dynamically regulated by microRNAs and phosphatases, affecting sensitivity to growth factor stimulation and therapeutic inhibitors 1617. In pancreatic β cells, AKT1 specifically regulates β cell proliferation and mass 18. Dysregulation of AKT1 is implicated in multiple cancers including breast, colorectal, and lung cancers, where dual inhibition targeting AKT1 and downstream effectors can overcome drug resistance 19.