BCL10 is a critical immune signaling adaptor that bridges activated CARD domain-containing proteins (CARD9, CARD11, and CARD14) to downstream inflammatory pathways 1. Upon CARD protein activation, BCL10 undergoes polymerization and recruits MALT1 to form the CBM (CARD-BCL10-MALT1) signaling complex 1. This complex activates NF-κB and MAP kinase p38 pathways, driving expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines essential for both adaptive and innate immunity 12. BCL10 functions downstream of T-cell receptors, B-cell receptors, and C-type lectin receptors, with CARD9-BCL10 signaling being particularly important for antifungal immunity 3. BCL10 regulation involves post-translational modifications including ubiquitination and phosphorylation, which control CBM assembly and function 4. Germline BCL10 mutations cause combined immunodeficiency requiring bone marrow transplantation 5, while deregulated CBM signaling contributes to autoimmunity, inflammation, and lymphomagenesis 67. Recent studies demonstrate BCL10's expanding roles in controlling antiviral responses through MAVS regulation 8 and its potential therapeutic application in engineered T cell therapies 9.