BMP7 is a TGF-β superfamily growth factor with diverse roles in skeletal and tissue development. The protein initiates canonical BMP signaling by binding type I receptor ACVR1 and type II receptor ACVR2A at the cell surface 12. ACVR2A then phosphorylates ACVR1, which propagates signals through SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation; these activated SMADs translocate to the nucleus to regulate target gene transcription 3. BMP7 also signals via non-canonical pathways, including P38 MAP kinase cascades that promote brown adipocyte differentiation 4. Beyond skeletal development, BMP7 plays critical roles in kidney homeostasis, where reduced expression associates with renal fibrogenesis progression; exogenous BMP7 administration reduces fibrogenesis and apoptosis while maintaining nephron function 5. In regenerative dentistry, BMP7 stimulates regeneration of dental pulp, periodontal, and alveolar bone tissues 6. Recent evidence identifies the BMP7-ACVR1 axis in cancer-associated fibroblasts as a therapeutic target, with high expression correlating to poor colorectal cancer prognosis 7. Additionally, BMP7 reduces the fibrocartilage chondrocyte phenotype through MMP2-dependent collagen degradation and SMAD2/3 inhibition, suggesting therapeutic potential in osteoarthritis 8.