BMP2 is a TGF-β superfamily growth factor essential for bone and cartilage formation, with roles in cardiogenesis and neurogenesis 12. BMP2 initiates canonical signaling by binding type I receptor BMPR1A and type II receptor BMPR2, leading to BMPR2-mediated phosphorylation and activation of BMPR1A, which phosphorylates SMAD1/5/8 for nuclear translocation and transcriptional regulation 34. Beyond canonical pathways, BMP2 signals through ERK/MAP kinase cascades and the EIF2AK3-EIF2A-ATF4 pathway to regulate osteoblast differentiation 52. BMP2 promotes odontoblast differentiation during tooth development 67. Clinically, BMP2 dysregulation associates with disease: elevated BMP2 signaling in preeclampsia may compensate for shallow trophoblast invasion 8, while high BMP2/4 expression in SMAD4-negative esophageal adenocarcinoma drives aggressive non-canonical signaling responsive to therapeutic BMP2/4 inhibition 9. BMP2 suppresses pentraxin 3 production in endometrial stromal cells through canonical ALK2/3-SMAD1/5-SMAD4 signaling, potentially regulating decidualization 10. In aortic valve disease, BMP2 promotes osteogenic differentiation via Wnt and Runx2 signaling 11.