BMP4 is a growth factor belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily that plays critical roles in development and cellular regulation 1. The protein functions through canonical signaling by binding to type I receptor BMPR1A and type II receptor BMPR2, leading to SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation and transcriptional regulation 2. BMP4 also activates non-canonical pathways including ERK/MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt cascades 1. The protein demonstrates diverse biological functions including regulation of adipogenesis, where it promotes beige/brown adipocyte differentiation and is counteracted by the inhibitor Gremlin-1 in white adipose tissue 3. In embryonic development, BMP4 mediates symmetry breaking through mechanosensitive signaling involving YAP1 and tissue mechanics 4. The protein shows therapeutic potential in multiple contexts: it acts as an anti-senescent, anti-steatotic factor in NAFLD/NASH progression 5, facilitates depletion of aneuploid cells during early human embryogenesis 6, and when overexpressed in neural stem cells, can target and inhibit glioma stem cells 7. Additionally, BMP4 regulates colonic epithelial differentiation toward enterocytes 8 and modulates ovarian granulosa cell function by downregulating pentraxin 3 2.