CXCL13 is a chemokine that primarily functions as a B-lymphocyte chemoattractant through binding to its receptor CXCR5 1. The protein plays crucial roles in lymphoid organization, immune responses, and tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation 1. CXCL13 is produced by mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells, follicular dendritic cells, and T follicular helper cells 1. In cancer, CXCL13+ CD8+ T cells serve as tumor-reactive cells and correlate with favorable responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapy 2. CXCL13+ T lymphocytes promote early TLS development, which enhances immunotherapy sensitivity in certain cancers 3. The CXCL13/CXCR5 axis is implicated in autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus 1. In pain pathology, neuronal CXCL13 activates spinal astrocytes via CXCR5, contributing to neuropathic pain through enhanced neuronal excitability, neuroinflammation, and glial cell activation 45. CXCL13 expression is regulated by miR-186-5p, and its inhibition can alleviate neuropathic pain 4. The pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for both pain management and cancer immunotherapy 56.