FGF1 (fibroblast growth factor 1) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that regulates cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and differentiation 1. FGF1 functions as a ligand for FGFR1 and integrins, with heparin-dependent binding to FGFR1 triggering receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues that activate downstream cascades including MAPK and AKT signaling 1. FGF1 is highly expressed in adult brain and kidney tissues and during development 1. Clinically, FGF1 demonstrates therapeutic potential across multiple disease contexts. In type 2 diabetes, exogenous FGF1 delivery suppresses hepatic glucose production by inhibiting adipose lipolysis through FGF receptor 1-dependent activation of phosphodiesterase 4D, achieving insulin sensitization without weight gain or hepatic steatosis 23. In inflammatory bowel disease, colonic epithelial FGF1 promotes intestinal stem cell differentiation toward goblet cells via FGFR2-TCF4-ATOH1 signaling, with FGF1 levels inversely correlated with disease severity 4. FGF1 protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy through AMPK/Nur77-dependent mitochondrial function improvement and oxidative stress reduction 5. Additionally, non-mitogenic FGF1 variants mitigate drug-induced liver injury by regulating bile acid homeostasis via FGFR4-ERK signaling 6. Gene therapy approaches utilizing FGF1 show promise for promoting angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease 7.