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GeneE
26 sources retrieved · Most recent: April 2026 · Index updated 14 days ago
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GRK2
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2
Chromosome 11 · 11q13.2
NCBI Gene: 156Ensembl: ENSG00000173020.12HGNC: HGNC:289UniProt: A0A0S2Z392
286PubMed Papers
20Diseases
0Drugs
3Pathogenic Variants
FUNCTIONAL ROLE
Highly ConstrainedHub GeneKinase
RESEARCH IMPACT
Trending
DATA QUALITY
✓ Experimental GO Evidence✓ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
symbiont entry into host cellcardiac muscle contractionnegative regulation of relaxation of smooth musclenegative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membraneJeune syndromeosteitis deformansrheumatoid arthritisneoplasm
✦AI Summary

GRK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that primarily functions as a desensitizer of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) through agonist-dependent phosphorylation 1. It phosphorylates activated β-adrenergic receptors and anaphylatoxin receptors (C3AR1, C5AR1), inducing receptor desensitization 23. GRK2 regulates lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR1) signaling through both phosphorylation-dependent and independent mechanisms 4. The kinase also positively regulates Hedgehog signaling by facilitating smoothened trafficking into cilia. Structurally, GRK2 creates distinct phosphorylation 'barcodes' on receptor C-terminal tails that differentially engage arrestin isoforms, potentially generating unique downstream cellular outcomes 5. Beyond canonical GPCR desensitization, GRK2 exhibits broader physiological roles. It regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype through DNMT1-mediated epigenetic reprogramming 6 and controls glucose metabolism in macrophages via PKM2 phosphorylation and de-succinylation 7. Emerging evidence indicates GRK2 localizes to mitochondria and influences mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis 8. Clinically, GRK2 dysregulation is implicated in multiple pathologies including heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension 9, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatocellular carcinoma 10. GRK2 inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular and immune-inflammatory diseases 1112.

Sources cited
1
GRK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that primarily functions as a desensitizer of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) through agonist-dependent phosphorylation .
PMID: 19715378
2
GRK2 regulates lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR1) signaling through both phosphorylation-dependent and independent mechanisms .
PMID: 19306925
3
Structurally, GRK2 creates distinct phosphorylation 'barcodes' on receptor C-terminal tails that differentially engage arrestin isoforms, potentially generating unique downstream cellular outcomes .
PMID: 40399676
4
It regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype through DNMT1-mediated epigenetic reprogramming and controls glucose metabolism in macrophages via PKM2 phosphorylation and de-succinylation .
PMID: 40836921
5
It regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype through DNMT1-mediated epigenetic reprogramming and controls glucose metabolism in macrophages via PKM2 phosphorylation and de-succinylation .
PMID: 40425786
6
Emerging evidence indicates GRK2 localizes to mitochondria and influences mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis .
PMID: 40076919
7
Clinically, GRK2 dysregulation is implicated in multiple pathologies including heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension , rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatocellular carcinoma .
PMID: 38242702
8
Clinically, GRK2 dysregulation is implicated in multiple pathologies including heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension , rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatocellular carcinoma .
PMID: 26936374
Disease Associationsⓘ20
Jeune syndromeOpen Targets
0.48Moderate
osteitis deformansOpen Targets
0.21Weak
rheumatoid arthritisOpen Targets
0.10Weak
neoplasmOpen Targets
0.10Weak
response to xenobiotic stimulusOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
rheumatic diseaseOpen Targets
0.10Suggestive
hepatocellular carcinomaOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
breast cancerOpen Targets
0.09Suggestive
Insulin resistanceOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
cardiac hypertrophyOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
pulmonary arterial hypertensionOpen Targets
0.08Suggestive
medulloblastomaOpen Targets
0.07Suggestive
type 2 diabetes mellitusOpen Targets
0.07Suggestive
cancerOpen Targets
0.07Suggestive
acute lung injuryOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
hypertensionOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
left ventricular noncompactionOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
chronic lymphocytic leukemiaOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
obesityOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
dilated cardiomyopathyOpen Targets
0.06Suggestive
Pathogenic Variants3
NM_001619.5(GRK2):c.555+1G>ALikely pathogenic
Jeune thoracic dystrophy
☆☆☆☆
NM_001619.5(GRK2):c.1348_1349del (p.Ser450fs)Likely pathogenic
Jeune thoracic dystrophy
☆☆☆☆→ Residue 450
NM_001619.5(GRK2):c.469C>T (p.Leu157Phe)Pathogenic
Jeune thoracic dystrophy
☆☆☆☆→ Residue 157
View on ClinVar ↗
Related Genes
PTCH1Protein interaction100%AKT1Protein interaction100%SAGProtein interaction100%RGS4Protein interaction100%RGS16Protein interaction100%ARRB2Protein interaction100%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Bone Marrow
100%
Lung
41%
Liver
21%
Brain
16%
Ovary
16%
Heart
16%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
GRK2PTCH1AKT1SAGRGS4RGS16ARRB2
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
PDB3V5W · 2.07 Å · X-ray
View on RCSB ↗
Constraintⓘ
LOEUFⓘ
0.29Highly Constrained
pLIⓘ
1.00Intolerant
Observed/Expected LoF0.20 [0.14–0.29]
RankingsWhere GRK2 stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #1,256of 20,598
    Most Researched286 · top 10%
  • #3,914of 5,498
    Most Pathogenic Variants3
  • #1,060of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)0.29 · top 10%
Genes detectedGRK2
Sources retrieved26 papers
Response time—
📄 Sources
26▼
1
Effect of phosphorylation barcodes on arrestin binding to a chemokine receptor.
PMID: 40399676
Nature · 2025
1.00
2
GRK2 differentially regulates FcεRI and MRGPRB2-mediated responses in mast cells.
PMID: 37063868
Front Immunol · 2023
0.96
3
GRK2 and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiovascular Health and Disease.
PMID: 40076919
Int J Mol Sci · 2025
0.90
4
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 as a novel therapeutic target for gland fibrosis of Sjögren's syndrome.
PMID: 39054339
Acta Pharmacol Sin · 2024
0.84
5
GRK2 Orchestrates VSMC Phenotypic Modulation via DNMT1-Mediated DNA Methylation Reprogramming.
PMID: 40836921
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol · 2025
0.80