HOXA1 is a sequence-specific transcription factor that plays critical roles in development and disease. As a developmental regulator, HOXA1 controls cell cycle progression by regulating p21/CDKN1A, promoting bronchial epithelial cell proliferation and migration 1. The protein participates in vascular smooth muscle cell transformation through transcriptional activation of NF-κB p65 and KLF4, contributing to atherosclerosis pathogenesis 2. In cancer contexts, HOXA1 functions as an oncogene in breast cancer 3 and shows complex roles across different malignancies 4. In small cell lung cancer, reduced HOXA1 expression correlates with chemoresistance and poor prognosis, with its downregulation mediated by miR-100 5. HOXA1 also influences colorectal cancer metastasis through interactions with CXCR4 and β-catenin signaling pathways 6. Additionally, HOXA1 serves as a protective factor in diabetic retinopathy and functions as a potential biomarker related to neutrophil extracellular traps 7. The gene shows associations with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, particularly in HOXA1-deregulated cases with JAK3/STAT5B mutations 8. These diverse functions highlight HOXA1's importance in cellular differentiation, proliferation, and disease pathogenesis.