IFNA10 encodes interferon alpha-10, a type I interferon produced by macrophages with critical antiviral and immunoregulatory functions 1. IFNA10 exhibits genetic polymorphism in human populations, with two major alleles that segregate according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 1. The protein functions through type I interferon receptor binding and activates downstream signaling pathways involving protein kinase and oligoadenylate synthetase production, stimulating B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell activation 2. IFNA10 polymorphisms have significant disease relevance. IFNA10 variants (Cys20Stop mutation) are associated with multiple sclerosis susceptibility, with non-functional alleles conferring increased risk 3. A compound heterozygous IFNA10 mutation (c.60 T>A) was identified in Crohn's disease patients, resulting in decreased serum IFNA10 levels and impaired suppression of viral replication 4. Loss-of-function variants in IFNA10 compromise early type I interferon responses critical for SARS-CoV-2 resistance 5. Additionally, IFNA10 was identified as a melanoma susceptibility gene through genome-wide functional annotation 6. Clinically, IFNA10 expression is infection-induced and can be modulated therapeutically, representing a potential biomarker for stratified medicine approaches in viral infections and immune-mediated diseases 7.