IFNB1 encodes interferon beta 1, a type I interferon cytokine that serves as a critical mediator of innate immune responses and cellular stress responses. The primary function of IFNB1 is to initiate antiviral and anti-tumor responses through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway upon binding to IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptors 1. IFNB1 transcription is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms, including IRF3-mediated activation 2 and alternative IRF3/IRF7-independent pathways involving MORC3 regulation 3. The gene can be activated through the cGAS/STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, which detects cellular DNA damage or viral infection 4. IFNB1 expression is subject to negative regulation by SUMO-mediated transcriptional repression 5 and precise termination through RAD18-mediated IRF3 degradation 2. Disease relevance includes gain-of-function STING mutations causing constitutive IFNB1 activation in SAVI autoinflammatory disease 1 and its role in cardiac protection through macrophage regulation 6. Clinically, IFNB1 levels correlate with disease severity in viral infections and autoimmune conditions, making it a potential therapeutic target for modulating immune responses 2.