Leptin (LEP) is a 16-kDa adipokine that functions as a master regulator of energy homeostasis and body weight control 1. Upon secretion by adipocytes in proportion to total adipose tissue mass, leptin circulates systemically and binds to leptin receptors (LEPR) throughout the body to activate multiple signaling cascades 234. In the hypothalamus, leptin acts as a central appetite suppressant by activating anorexigenic POMC neurons and inhibiting orexigenic NPY neurons, thereby decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure 5. Peripherally, leptin regulates glucose homeostasis by reducing intestinal glucose absorption through PKC-dependent signaling, influences pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin secretion, and modulates reproductive processes 6. Leptin also exhibits pro-inflammatory and immune-modulatory roles, enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis, macrophage phagocytosis, and promoting T-cell proliferation toward Th1 responses through JAK2-STAT3 pathway activation 27. A negative feedback regulatory loop exists whereby leptin suppresses adipocyte TET2 levels via JAK2-STAT3 signaling, while TET2 reciprocally promotes leptin gene expression, providing compensatory metabolic control during obesity 8. Mutations or deficiency in LEP impair energy homeostasis, predisposing to obesity and type-2 diabetes 9.