MRPL15 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15) is a structural component of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit involved in mitochondrial protein synthesis 1. Located on chromosome 8, MRPL15 functions in mitochondrial translation and RNA binding, contributing to oxidative phosphorylation pathways 2. Clinically, MRPL15 demonstrates significant disease relevance across multiple conditions. In epithelial ovarian cancer, MRPL15 is highly expressed and amplified, correlating with poor prognosis through dysregulation of cell cycle, DNA repair, and mTOR signaling pathways 3. In gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), MRPL15 expression is significantly downregulated, emerging as a hub gene with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications 1. MRPL15 also shows reduced expression in Alzheimer's disease patients and overlaps with musculoskeletal aging biomarkers, suggesting a role in neurodegeneration 45. In hepatocellular carcinoma, MRPL15 is among 14 upregulated MRP genes with diagnostic and prognostic value 6. Additionally, MRPL15 serves as a prognostic exosome-related gene in multiple myeloma, with high expression associated with immunosuppressive microenvironments and reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration 7. In rheumatoid arthritis, MRPL15 is regulated by phosphorylation-affecting genetic variants, linking to oxidative phosphorylation dysregulation 2. These findings establish MRPL15 as a multi-disease biomarker with potential therapeutic targeting across cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory conditions.