NCAPD3 is a regulatory subunit of the condensin-2 complex essential for mitotic chromosome 11 and segregation 1. It establishes mitotic chromosome 11 and promotes resolution of double-strand DNA catenanes between sister chr11, with specific roles in centromeric ultrafine DNA bridge decatenation during anaphase 1. During early neurogenesis, NCAPD3 ensures accurate mitotic chromosome 11 in neural stem cells, affecting neuronal pool and cortex development 2. Beyond its canonical mitotic functions, NCAPD3 exhibits prominent oncogenic roles across multiple cancer types. In colorectal cancer, NCAPD3 promotes aerobic glycolysis by recruiting c-Myc and E2F1 to glycolytic gene promoters, enhancing the Warburg effect 3. In prostate cancer, NCAPD3 upregulates EZH2 and MALAT1 through STAT3 and E2F1-mediated transcriptional activation 4, and is regulated by the androgen/AR axis 5. NCAPD3 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in glioma and associates with PD-L1 expression and immune infiltration 6. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, NCAPD3 promotes progression through H3K9 monomethylation-dependent SIRT1 activation 7. Additionally, NCAPD3 upregulation in ulcerative colitis promotes inflammatory cytokine release via IKK/NF-κB pathway activation 8. Germline NCAPD3 mutations cause autosomal recessive microcephaly-22, highlighting its critical developmental role.