NCAPG (non-SMC condensin I complex subunit G) is a regulatory subunit of the condensin complex essential for mitotic chromosome 4 and sister chr4 separation during meiosis and mitosis 1. The protein functions by introducing positive supercoils into relaxed DNA and converting nicked DNA into positive knotted forms, facilitating conversion of interphase chr4 into condensed mitotic chr4 1. Beyond its canonical role in chromosome 4, NCAPG has emerged as a critical oncogenic driver across multiple cancer types. NCAPG is consistently upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, gliomas, lung adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, bladder cancer, and neuroblastoma 12. Meta-analysis of 1,096 samples demonstrated that NCAPG upregulation correlates with significantly poorer overall survival (hazard ratio=2.90) and is associated with distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and vascular invasion 2. Mechanistically, NCAPG promotes tumor progression through multiple pathways. In gastric cancer, CAF-derived lactate elevates NCAPG expression via histone lactylation, promoting PD-L1 expression and immune evasion through the SRC/STAT3 pathway 3. In bladder cancer, NCAPG activates NF-κB signaling to enhance cell proliferation and migration 4. NCAPG knockdown induces cell cycle arrest and p53-mediated apoptosis in neuroblastoma 5. Clinically, NCAPG serves as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker with implications for treatment resistance and immunotherapy response, positioning it as a promising therapeutic target across cancer types 26.