NDUFAB1 (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1) is a multifunctional mitochondrial protein with dual roles in energy metabolism and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. As an accessory subunit of respiratory chain Complex I, NDUFAB1 facilitates electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone during oxidative phosphorylation 1. Additionally, NDUFAB1 functions as an acyl carrier protein in fatty acid biosynthesis, containing a unique phosphopantetheine attachment site and EF-hand calcium-binding domain 2. NDUFAB1 also serves as a regulatory component of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex, where it stabilizes the cysteine desulfurase activity of NFS1 and participates in [2Fe-2S] cluster synthesis on ISCU scaffolding protein 3. Clinically, NDUFAB1 dysregulation is associated with multiple malignancies and neurological diseases. Elevated NDUFAB1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with poor prognosis and promotes tumor progression through disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy pathways 4. NDUFAB1+ cell populations in gastric cancer exhibit enhanced metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion properties 5. In breast cancer, NDUFAB1 is identified as a key prognostic gene with differential expression between disease and control states 6. Notably, NDUFAB1 expression is significantly reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue, suggesting involvement in neurodegeneration-related mitochondrial dysfunction 7. These findings position NDUFAB1 as both a critical mediator of cellular bioenergetics and a potential therapeutic target across oncologic and neurodegenerative conditions.