NLRP4 is a member of the nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family that functions as a multifaceted regulator of immune and cellular processes. NLRP4 serves as a negative regulator of autophagy by directly interacting with Beclin1, an essential autophagy regulator, through its NACHT domain 1. The protein also associates with the class C vacuolar protein-sorting complex to negatively regulate autophagosome maturation 1. In xenophagy, NLRP4 acts as a pattern recognition sensor that binds ARHGDIA to regulate Rho GTPase signaling and facilitate actin-mediated formation of autophagosome-like vacuoles for bacterial elimination 2. NLRP4 negatively regulates type I interferon responses through the cGAS-STING-IRF3/IRF7 pathway 3. The protein shows clinical significance in cancer contexts: elevated NLRP4 expression correlates with olaparib resistance in pancreatic cancer by enhancing DNA repair capacity and promoting ROS-induced autophagy 4, while NLRP4 mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer patients are associated with improved responses to anti-PD-1 therapy and longer progression-free survival 3. Additionally, NLRP4 upregulation characterizes macrophage activation syndrome in adult-onset Still's disease 5.