NME1 (NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1) is a multifunctional enzyme that primarily catalyzes nucleotide phosphorylation to maintain nucleoside triphosphate homeostasis through a ping-pong mechanism involving a phosphohistidine intermediate 12. Beyond its canonical nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity, NME1 functions as a non-specific serine/threonine kinase and histidine protein kinase, and exhibits DNA nuclease activity as part of the SET complex for apoptotic DNA fragmentation 34. In cancer biology, NME1 demonstrates complex roles depending on cellular context. It acts as a tumor metastasis suppressor in breast cancer, where HSP90α protects NME1 from degradation to maintain its anti-metastatic function 5. NME1 also controls trophoblast invasion during pregnancy via MAPK/ERK pathway regulation 6. However, in gastric cancer, NME1 can promote oncogenic RAS signaling through interaction with the ASH1L-AS1 ribonucleoprotein complex 7. Clinically, NME1 expression correlates with tumor differentiation and nodal status in digestive system cancers 8, while genetic polymorphisms in the NME1 promoter region influence breast cancer survival outcomes 9. The protein is negatively regulated by microRNA-139-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma 10.