NOB1 (NIN1/RPN12 binding protein 1 homolog) is an RNA-binding protein with dual roles in ribosome biogenesis and proteasome function. As an endonuclease, NOB1 is essential for processing 20S pre-rRNA into mature 18S rRNA and facilitating 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis 1. The protein contains a PIN domain and zinc ribbon domain 2, localizes primarily to the nucleus 2, and is expressed mainly in liver, lung, and spleen 2. Additionally, NOB1 participates in proteasome maturation by facilitating 26S proteasome assembly 3. Clinically, NOB1 is significantly overexpressed across multiple cancer types, including pancreatic, non-small cell lung, ovarian, prostate, osteosarcoma, thyroid, colorectal, gastric, and oral squamous cell carcinomas 4. High NOB1 expression correlates with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, poor differentiation, and unfavorable prognosis 56. Mechanistically, NOB1 overexpression promotes cancer progression through modulated mRNA stability, alternative splicing, and translation efficiency 1. Conversely, NOB1 knockdown suppresses cancer cell growth, induces cell cycle arrest, enhances apoptosis, and reduces migration in osteosarcoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma models 73. These findings establish NOB1 as an independent prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.