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GeneE
50 sources retrieved Β· Most recent: April 2026 Β· Index updated 14 days ago
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NRAS
NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase
Chromosome 1 Β· 1p13.2
NCBI Gene: 4893Ensembl: ENSG00000213281.6HGNC: HGNC:7989UniProt: P01111
684PubMed Papers
27Diseases
1Drugs
25Pathogenic Variants
FUNCTIONAL ROLE
Hub GeneOncogene
RESEARCH IMPACT
Highly StudiedTrending
CLINICAL
Clinical TrialsOMIM Disease Gene
DATA QUALITY
βœ“ Experimental GO Evidenceβœ“ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
GTPase activityplasma membraneprotein bindingextracellular exosomeNoonan syndrome 6Noonan syndromelarge congenital melanocytic nevusnevus, epidermal
✦AI Summary

NRAS is a proto-oncogene encoding a small GTPase that functions as a molecular switch in cellular signaling by binding and hydrolyzing GDP/GTP 1. NRAS regulates multiple signaling cascades including the MAPK/ERK pathway and controls cell proliferation, differentiation, and membrane trafficking through its GTPase activity 2. Mechanistically, NRAS requires lipid modifications, particularly palmitoylation by ZDHHC9, for proper trafficking to the plasma membrane where it becomes activated and propagates downstream signals 2. Oncogenic NRAS mutations (primarily Q61R/K and codons 12/13) occur in 15-30% of melanomas and 48% of metastatic colorectal cancers, conferring constitutive activation 1, 3, 4. NRAS-mutant tumors display aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis compared to wild-type counterparts, with resistance to conventional therapies 1. Mutant NRAS suppresses cGAS-STING antitumor immunity and evades immune surveillance 5. Therapeutically, MEK inhibitors combined with CDK4/6 inhibitors represent current standard approaches, while emerging strategies include STK19 inhibition, CK1Ξ΄-USP46 axis targeting, and SOS1 inhibition combined with STING agonists to restore antitumor immunity 1, 6, 3, 5. Despite advances, NRAS-mutant malignancies remain therapeutically challenging with significant unmet clinical needs.

Sources cited
1
NRAS mutations occur in ~25% of melanomas, confer high aggressiveness, and NRAS-mutant melanomas have poorer prognosis; MEK and CDK4/6 inhibitor combinations are promising therapies
PMID: 34098219
2
NRAS requires palmitoylation by ZDHHC9 for plasma membrane trafficking and activation; RAB27B controls this process and its expression correlates with poor prognosis in AML
PMID: 37317963
3
STK19 phosphorylates NRAS to enhance its signaling; STK19 inhibition blocks NRAS-driven melanomagenesis in vitro and in vivo
PMID: 30712867
4
CK1Ξ΄ phosphorylates USP46 deubiquitinase to stabilize oncogenic NRAS Q61R/K mutations; CK1Ξ΄ inhibition destabilizes NRAS mutants and suppresses melanoma
PMID: 39572526
5
NRAS mutations occur in 15-20% of melanomas and are associated with aggressive behavior; MEK inhibitors and MEK/CDK4/6 inhibitor combinations show clinical activity
PMID: 25796376
6
Mutant NRAS suppresses cGAS-STING signaling; SOS1 inhibitors combined with STING agonists restore antitumor immunity in NRAS-mutant tumors
PMID: 40392233
7
NRAS mutations occur in 48.42% of metastatic colorectal cancer cases with 6.48% carrying NRAS mutations
PMID: 31881025
Disease Associationsβ“˜27
Noonan syndrome 6Open Targets
0.81Strong
Noonan syndromeOpen Targets
0.80Strong
large congenital melanocytic nevusOpen Targets
0.71Strong
nevus, epidermalOpen Targets
0.70Moderate
acute myeloid leukemiaOpen Targets
0.70Moderate
autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4Open Targets
0.68Moderate
melanomaOpen Targets
0.68Moderate
cancerOpen Targets
0.65Moderate
Juvenile Myelomonocytic LeukemiaOpen Targets
0.64Moderate
multiple myelomaOpen Targets
0.64Moderate
RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative diseaseOpen Targets
0.64Moderate
nevusOpen Targets
0.64Moderate
colorectal adenocarcinomaOpen Targets
0.63Moderate
colorectal cancerOpen Targets
0.62Moderate
neurocutaneous melanocytosisOpen Targets
0.62Moderate
cardiofaciocutaneous syndromeOpen Targets
0.60Moderate
rasopathyOpen Targets
0.56Moderate
Costello syndromeOpen Targets
0.54Moderate
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyOpen Targets
0.54Moderate
follicular thyroid carcinomaOpen Targets
0.53Moderate
Keratinocytic non-epidermolytic nevusUniProt
Leukemia, juvenile myelomonocyticUniProt
Melanocytic nevus syndrome, congenitalUniProt
Melanosis, neurocutaneousUniProt
Noonan syndrome 6UniProt
RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorderUniProt
Thyroid cancer, non-medullary, 2UniProt
Pathogenic Variants25
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.173C>T (p.Thr58Ile)Pathogenic
RASopathy|not provided|Noonan syndrome and Noonan-related syndrome|Colorectal cancer|Noonan syndrome 1|Noonan syndrome
β˜…β˜…β˜…β˜†2024β†’ Residue 58
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.34G>A (p.Gly12Ser)Pathogenic
Noonan syndrome;Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia|not provided|RASopathy|Noonan syndrome and Noonan-related syndrome|Noonan syndrome 6|Neoplasm|Colorectal cancer
β˜…β˜…β˜…β˜†2024β†’ Residue 12
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.179G>A (p.Gly60Glu)Pathogenic
Noonan syndrome 6|not provided|Noonan syndrome 1|RASopathy|NRAS-related disorder|Cardiovascular phenotype
β˜…β˜…β˜…β˜†2024β†’ Residue 60
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.149C>T (p.Thr50Ile)Pathogenic
Noonan syndrome 6|Noonan syndrome 1|Noonan syndrome|RASopathy
β˜…β˜…β˜…β˜†2024β†’ Residue 50
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.71T>A (p.Ile24Asn)Likely pathogenic
Noonan syndrome 1|not provided|RASopathy
β˜…β˜…β˜…β˜†2024β†’ Residue 24
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.35G>A (p.Gly12Asp)Pathogenic
Epidermal nevus|Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia|not provided|Noonan syndrome 6|Noonan syndrome and Noonan-related syndrome|RASopathy|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4|NRAS-related disorder|Cardiovascular phenotype|Colorectal cancer|Large congenital melanocytic nevus|Germinoma|Neoplasm
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2025β†’ Residue 12
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.38G>A (p.Gly13Asp)Pathogenic
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia|Noonan syndrome 6|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4|not provided|Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in down syndrome|RASopathy|NRAS-related disorder|Colorectal cancer|Melanoma|Acute myeloid leukemia|Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma|Neoplasm|Acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 somatic mutations|Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2025β†’ Residue 13
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.35G>C (p.Gly12Ala)Pathogenic
Myelodysplastic syndrome progressed to acute myeloid leukemia|not provided|RASopathy|Noonan syndrome and Noonan-related syndrome|Colorectal cancer|Noonan syndrome 6|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4|Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma|Germinoma
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2025β†’ Residue 12
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.182A>G (p.Gln61Arg)Pathogenic
Thyroid cancer, nonmedullary, 2|Epidermal nevus|Non-small cell lung carcinoma|Large congenital melanocytic nevus|Neurocutaneous melanocytosis|Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome|not provided|Noonan syndrome 6|Neoplasm|Vascular malformation|Colorectal cancer|Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma|Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma|Melanoma|Germinoma|Follicular thyroid carcinoma|Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 61
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.178G>A (p.Gly60Arg)Likely pathogenic
not provided
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 60
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.37G>C (p.Gly13Arg)Likely pathogenic
Carcinoma of colon|Large congenital melanocytic nevus|Acute myeloid leukemia|Noonan syndrome 6|not provided|Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome|Rhabdomyosarcoma
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 13
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.35G>T (p.Gly12Val)Pathogenic
Noonan syndrome|not provided|RASopathy|Neoplasm|Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma|Colorectal cancer|Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 4
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 12
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.34G>C (p.Gly12Arg)Pathogenic
not provided|Increased nuchal translucency|Noonan syndrome 6
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 12
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.149C>A (p.Thr50Asn)Likely pathogenic
RASopathy
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2026β†’ Residue 50
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.191_196dup (p.Ser65_Ala66insAspSer)Likely pathogenic
Pyogenic granuloma
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2023β†’ Residue 65
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.108A>G (p.Ile36Met)Likely pathogenic
Noonan syndrome 6
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2022β†’ Residue 36
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.449A>G (p.Gln150Arg)Likely pathogenic
Noonan syndrome 6
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2021β†’ Residue 150
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.38G>T (p.Gly13Val)Likely pathogenic
Cardiovascular phenotype|Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma|Medulloblastoma non-WNT/non-SHH group 3
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2018β†’ Residue 13
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.182A>C (p.Gln61Pro)Pathogenic
not provided|Noonan syndrome 6
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2016β†’ Residue 61
NM_002524.5(NRAS):c.112-1_113dupPathogenic
RASopathy
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2012
View on ClinVar β†—
Drug Targets1
SALIRASIBPhase II
RAS inhibitor
lung cancer
Related Genes
MAP2K1Protein interaction100%RPS6KA1Protein interaction100%MAP2K2Protein interaction100%EGFRProtein interaction100%RASSF5Protein interaction100%PIK3R1Protein interaction100%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Bone Marrow
100%
Brain
41%
Lung
18%
Liver
17%
Heart
16%
Ovary
9%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
NRASMAP2K1RPS6KA1MAP2K2EGFRRASSF5PIK3R1
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
PDB9BG8 Β· 1.20 Γ… Β· X-ray
View on RCSB β†—
Constraintβ“˜
LOEUFβ“˜
0.55Moderately Constrained
pLIβ“˜
0.94Intolerant
Observed/Expected LoF0.26 [0.14–0.55]
RankingsWhere NRAS stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #317of 20,598
    Most Researched684 Β· top 5%
  • #1,960of 5,498
    Most Pathogenic Variants25
  • #3,526of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)0.55 Β· top quartile
Genes detectedNRAS
Sources retrieved50 papers
Response timeβ€”
πŸ“„ Sources
50β–Ό
1
NRAS mutant melanoma: Towards better therapies.
PMID: 34098219
Cancer Treat Rev Β· 2021
1.00
2
RAB27B controls palmitoylation-dependent NRAS trafficking and signaling in myeloid leukemia.
PMID: 37317963
J Clin Invest Β· 2023
0.90
3
Amplification of Mutant NRAS in Melanocytic Tumors With Features of Spitz Tumors.
PMID: 38467248
Mod Pathol Β· 2024
0.88
4
Pharmacological Targeting of STK19 Inhibits Oncogenic NRAS-Driven Melanomagenesis.
PMID: 30712867
Cell Β· 2019
0.80
5
MEK5/ERK5 inhibition sensitizes NRAS-mutant melanoma to MAPK-targeted therapy by preventing Cyclin D/CDK4-mediated G1/S progression.
PMID: 41053077
Cell Death Dis Β· 2025
0.78