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10 sources retrieved Β· Most recent: April 2026 Β· Index updated 15 days ago
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PROK2
prokineticin 2
Chromosome 3 Β· 3p13
NCBI Gene: 60675Ensembl: ENSG00000163421.9HGNC: HGNC:18455UniProt: Q9HC23
67PubMed Papers
21Diseases
0Drugs
10Pathogenic Variants
CLINICAL
OMIM Disease Gene
DATA QUALITY
βœ“ Experimental GO Evidenceβœ“ Swiss-Prot Reviewed
endothelial cell proliferationspermatogenesischemotaxisnegative regulation of apoptotic processhypogonadotropic hypogonadismhypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmiagenetic disorderKallmann syndrome
✦AI Summary

PROK2 (prokineticin 2) is a secreted neuropeptide that functions through G-protein coupled receptors (PROKR1/PROKR2) to regulate multiple physiological systems. In the nervous system, PROK2 encodes pleasant touch sensation by signaling through spinal PROKR2+ interneurons, with deficiency impairing stress responses and prosocial behaviors 1. PROK2 also protects neurons from ferroptosis-mediated cell death in traumatic brain injury by suppressing lipid peroxidation through Fbxo10-driven ACSL4 degradation 2. Beyond the nervous system, PROK2 regulates gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction 3, promotes angiogenesis, modulates circadian rhythms, and influences immune responses 3. In reproduction, PROK2/PROKR2 mutations cause Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia) through impaired GnRH neuron migration 4. Heterozygous mutations show incomplete penetrance with variable phenotypes ranging from isolated hypogonadism to combined anosmia/hypogonadism 4. Recently, PROK2+ neutrophil infiltration was identified in colorectal cancer liver metastases, where these cells promote immunosuppression and poor prognosis 5. Clinical studies reveal rare PROK2/PROKR2 variants associate with reproductive dysfunction and gastrointestinal phenotypes in general populations 6.

Sources cited
1
PROK2 encodes pleasant touch sensation through spinal PROKR2 neurons and regulates stress response and prosocial behaviors
PMID: 35482870
2
PROK2 prevents neuronal ferroptosis in traumatic brain injury via ACSL4 degradation and improves motor/cognitive outcomes
PMID: 34244497
3
PROK2 is a G-protein coupled receptor ligand that regulates gut motility, angiogenesis, circadian rhythms, and immune responses
PMID: 18440852
4
PROK2 mutations cause Kallmann syndrome through impaired GnRH neuron migration; heterozygous mutations show incomplete penetrance
PMID: 20389090
5
PROK2+ neutrophils infiltrate pre-metastatic and metastatic livers in colorectal cancer, promoting immunosuppression and poor prognosis
PMID: 40091048
6
Rare PROK2/PROKR2 variants in general populations associate with reproductive dysfunction and gastrointestinal phenotypes
PMID: 40498399
Disease Associationsβ“˜21
hypogonadotropic hypogonadismOpen Targets
0.70Strong
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmiaOpen Targets
0.69Moderate
genetic disorderOpen Targets
0.41Moderate
Kallmann syndromeOpen Targets
0.38Weak
male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutationOpen Targets
0.34Weak
Male infertility with spermatogenesis disorderOpen Targets
0.33Weak
Alzheimer diseaseOpen Targets
0.32Weak
smoking initiationOpen Targets
0.30Weak
vertebral joint diseaseOpen Targets
0.23Weak
major depressive disorderOpen Targets
0.19Weak
atrial fibrillationOpen Targets
0.18Weak
thyroid cancerOpen Targets
0.18Weak
malignant renal pelvis neoplasmOpen Targets
0.17Weak
oropharynx cancerOpen Targets
0.17Weak
placenta praeviaOpen Targets
0.17Weak
scoliosisOpen Targets
0.17Weak
polyarteritis nodosaOpen Targets
0.16Weak
anaphylaxisOpen Targets
0.15Weak
disorder of sexual differentiationOpen Targets
0.11Weak
neoplasmOpen Targets
0.11Weak
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmiaUniProt
Pathogenic Variants10
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.163del (p.Ser54_Ile55insTer)Pathogenic
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia|not provided|PROK2-related disorder|Inborn genetic diseases|Male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†2026β†’ Residue 54
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.2T>C (p.Met1Thr)Likely pathogenic
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2025β†’ Residue 1
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.223-2A>GLikely pathogenic
PROK2-related disorder|not provided
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2024
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.370_373del (p.Ile124fs)Likely pathogenic
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2024β†’ Residue 124
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.313C>T (p.His105Tyr)Likely pathogenic
Male infertility with spermatogenesis disorder
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2023β†’ Residue 105
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.122G>A (p.Gly41Asp)Likely pathogenic
Male infertility with spermatogenesis disorder
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2023β†’ Residue 41
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.100_112del (p.Cys34fs)Pathogenic
not provided
β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†2017β†’ Residue 34
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.286-1G>ALikely pathogenic
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2025
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.62del (p.Thr21fs)Likely pathogenic
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2025β†’ Residue 21
NM_001126128.2(PROK2):c.101G>A (p.Cys34Tyr)Pathogenic
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 4 with or without anosmia
β˜†β˜†β˜†β˜†2008β†’ Residue 34
View on ClinVar β†—
Related Genes
GNRH1Protein interaction100%KISS1Protein interaction100%TAC3Protein interaction100%NSMFProtein interaction100%CHD7Protein interaction100%PROKR1Protein interaction100%
Tissue Expression6 tissues
Bone Marrow
100%
Lung
21%
Liver
2%
Brain
1%
Heart
1%
Ovary
0%
Gene Interaction Network
Click a node to explore
PROK2GNRH1KISS1TAC3NSMFCHD7PROKR1
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Preparing viewer…
AlphaFoldAI-predicted Β· UniProt Q9HC23
View on AlphaFold β†—
Constraintβ“˜
LOEUFβ“˜
1.05LoF Tolerant
pLIβ“˜
0.02Tolerant
Observed/Expected LoF0.58 [0.34–1.05]
RankingsWhere PROK2 stands among ~20K protein-coding genes
  • #7,008of 20,598
    Most Researched67
  • #2,859of 5,498
    Most Pathogenic Variants10
  • #10,532of 17,882
    Most Constrained (LOEUF)1.05
Genes detectedPROK2
Sources retrieved10 papers
Response timeβ€”
πŸ“„ Sources
10β–Ό
1
Molecular and neural basis of pleasant touch sensation.
PMID: 35482870
Science Β· 2022
1.00
2
Prokineticin-2 prevents neuronal cell deaths in a model of traumatic brain injury.
PMID: 34244497
Nat Commun Β· 2021
0.90
3
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals dynamic changes in the liver microenvironment during colorectal cancer metastatic progression.
PMID: 40091048
J Transl Med Β· 2025
0.80
4
Prokineticin 2/PROK2 and Male Infertility.
PMID: 36289651
Biomedicines Β· 2022
0.70
5
Prokineticin-signaling pathway.
PMID: 18440852
Int J Biochem Cell Biol Β· 2008
0.60