RPL32 is a structural component of the large ribosomal subunit that participates in cytoplasmic protein synthesis 12. Beyond its canonical ribosomal function, RPL32 exhibits stress-sensing capabilities through redox modification of cysteine residues 91 and 96, enabling p53 activation in response to ATM inhibition in cancer cells 3. In hepatocellular carcinoma, RPL32 is highly expressed and promotes tumor progression, with elevated levels correlating with unfavorable patient outcomes and enhanced HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion 4. RPL32 demonstrates stable mRNA expression across diverse biological contexts, making it a suitable reference gene for quantitative RT-PCR normalization in bronchoalveolar cells, post-myocardial infarction heart tissue, and certain immune cell populations 567. However, its suitability as a reference gene varies by cell type; it showed poor stability in colon cancer cells and NK cells under specific conditions 87. These findings suggest RPL32 functions both as a housekeeping component of translation and as a context-dependent stress sensor influencing cell survival pathways.