RPLP0 encodes the ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0, a core component of the 60S ribosomal subunit that anchors heterodimers of RPLP1 and RPLP2 to facilitate translation 1. As a structural constituent of the ribosome, RPLP0 is required for global protein synthesis; in poxvirus-infected cells, it is essential for canonical translation initiation, while selective ribosomal customization allows virus-specific non-canonical mRNA translation 1. RPLP0 has emerged as a prognostic biomarker across multiple cancers. In lung adenocarcinoma, high RPLP0 expression correlates with poor overall survival, first progression, and post-progression survival and influences immune cell infiltration 2. In hepatocellular carcinoma, RPLP0 upregulation drives malignancy progression through a c-Myc-regulated positive feedback loop involving the ROS-mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway 3. In gastric cancer, RPLP0 interaction with cathepsin X suppresses apoptosis and promotes cell cycle progression via CDK2 downregulation of p21 4. Notably, RPLP0 overexpression in tumors is associated with immunosuppressive microenvironments; intratumoral RPLP0 knockdown enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in bladder cancer models 5. Beyond malignancy, RPLP0 downregulation increases susceptibility to high-altitude pulmonary edema by promoting endothelial cell apoptosis 6. Clinically, RPLP0 serves as a reference gene in gene expression studies across tissues and disease contexts 7, and its dysregulation offers therapeutic opportunities through combination immunotherapy or JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibition.