SLC15A2 (PEPT2) is a proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter primarily responsible for the renal reabsorption of di- and tripeptides from glomerular filtrate 1. The transporter operates via a 2:1 or 3:1 proton-to-peptide stoichiometry and demonstrates substrate specificity for neutral and anionic dipeptides 12. Beyond peptide transport, SLC15A2 mediates uptake of pharmacologically important substrates including beta-lactam antibiotics like cefadroxil and amoxicillin, as well as carnosine, a dipeptide-like molecule with antioxidant properties 134. Mechanistically, the transporter recognizes diverse chemical scaffolds through a conserved binding pocket that accommodates antibiotic and drug substrates 3. Beyond nutrient absorption, SLC15A2 contributes to innate immunity by transporting bacterial peptidoglycans such as muramyl dipeptide (the NOD2 ligand) across cell membranes 5. Clinically, SLC15A2 variants associate with warfarin dose variability in Han-Chinese populations 6, and upregulation correlates with enhanced nephrotoxin sensitivity, as demonstrated by colistin-induced kidney injury that can be mitigated by cefadroxil competition 7. Recent evidence reveals SLC15A2 as a prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer, where reduced expression associates with biochemical recurrence and poor survival 8. Additionally, exercise-generated carnosine protects hematopoietic stem cells from radiation injury through SLC15A2-mediated transport and p53 inhibition 9.