SLC24A4 encodes a calcium/potassium:sodium antiporter that exchanges one intracellular Ca²⁺ and one K⁺ for four extracellular Na⁺ ions 12. The transporter localizes to plasma membranes and regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis 3. SLC24A4 is critical for enamel maturation during amelogenesis, with immunohistochemical evidence showing specific expression in maturation-stage ameloblasts of developing teeth 3. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in SLC24A4 cause amelogenesis imperfecta, hypomaturation type, characterized by thin, soft, yellow-brown discolored enamel with reduced structural integrity 34. Beyond dental development, SLC24A4 variants associate with eye color determination in individuals carrying specific genotypes 56, contributing to melanin-related pigmentation pathways. Additionally, SLC24A4 has been identified as a genome-wide association study locus nominally associated with Alzheimer's disease risk and cognitive decline in some populations 78, though effect sizes are small (relative risk 1.1-1.3). Recent evidence suggests SLC24A4 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer, with expression changes affecting cell migration and growth 9. Overall, SLC24A4 represents a multifunctional calcium transporter essential for mineralized tissue development and potentially involved in neurodegeneration and cancer biology.